Vehicle and engine control system

ABSTRACT

A vehicle and engine control system controls engine torque to maintain positive torque at a transmission input to prevent the transmission gears from separating. By maintaining a positive engine torque, the transmission is prevented from operating in or through the zero torque, or lash, zone. This prevents poor vehicle driveability that would otherwise result from operation in the lash zone. The control systems uses closed loop control based on a desired and actual turbine speed ratio, or slip ratio, to guarantee positive torque applied to the transmission.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to a system and method to control aninternal combustion engine coupled to a torque converter and inparticular to adjusting engine output to control torque converter slip,or speed ratio.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Internal combustion engines must be controlled in many different ways toprovide acceptable driving comfort during all operating conditions. Somemethods use engine output, or torque control where the actual enginetorque is controlled to a desired engine torque through an outputadjusting device, such as with an electronic throttle, ignition timing,or various other devices. In some cases, such as during normal drivingconditions, the desired engine torque is calculated from the amount ofdepression of an accelerator pedal. In other conditions, such as idlespeed control, the desired engine torque is calculated based on a speederror between actual engine speed and a desired engine speed. Someattempts have been made to use this torque control architecture toimprove driveability during deceleration conditions, such as when adriver releases their foot to the minimum accelerator pedal position,known to those skilled in the art as a tip-out. During a tip-out, thedriver is indicating a desire for reduced engine output.

One system that attempts to use speed control during decelerationconditions operates the engine in such a way as to maintain constantengine speed during slow moving or stopped conditions. In this system,the engine is controlled to a constant speed taking into account theloading from the torque converter. The loading from the torque converteris calculated based on the engine speed and turbine speed. Engine speedcan be controlled to a constant level during deceleration to adsorbenergy from the vehicle and assists in vehicle braking. Further, asturbine speed increases, the desired engine speed is reduced to provideeven more engine braking. Such a system is described in D.E. 4321413A1.

The inventors herein have recognized a disadvantage with the aboveinvention. In particular, the accelerator pedal is released andsubsequently engaged, the prior art system exhibits poor driveabilitydue transmission gears lash. For example, when the engine transitionsfrom exerting a positive torque to exerting a negative torque (or beingdriven), the gears in the transmission separate at the zero torquetransition point. Then, after passing through the zero torque point, thegears again make contact to transfer torque. This series of eventsproduces an impact, or clunk, resulting in poor driveability andcustomer disatisfaction. In other words, the engine first exerts apositive torque through the torque converter onto the transmission inputgears to drive the vehicle. Then, when using the prior art approachduring deceleration, the engine is driven by the torque from thetransmission through the torque converter. The transition between theseto modes is the point where the engine is producing exactly zero enginebrake torque. Then, at this transition point, the gears in thetransmission separate because of inevitable transmission gear lash. Whenthe gears again make contact, they do so dynamically resulting in anundesirable impact.

This disadvantage of the prior art is exacerbated when the operatorreturns the accelerator pedal to a depressed position, indicating adesire for increased engine torque. In this situation, the zero torquetransition point must again be traversed. However, in this situation,the engine is producing a larger amount of torque than duringdeceleration because the driver is requesting acceleration. Thus,another, more severe, impact is experienced due to the transmission lashduring the zero torque transition.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

An object of the invention claimed herein is to provide an engine outputcontrol system for preventing or easing transitions through thetransmission lash zone.

The above object is achieved, and problems of prior approaches overcome,by a vehicle control method for a vehicle having an internal combustionengine coupled to a torque converter having a torque converter speedratio determined by dividing torque converter output turbine speed byengine speed, the torque converter coupled to a transmission. The methodcomprises the steps of creating a desired engine speed as a function ofand greater than torque converter turbine speed so that a positivetorque is applied to the transmission thereby preventing transmissiongear separation, and adjusting an engine output amount so that an actualengine speed approaches said desired engine speed.

By using signals already available to provide real-time feedback controlpositive torque will be applied to the transmission to eliminate thelash zone. In other words, the present invention utilizes the torqueconverter characteristics in the following way. Because thesemeasurements are readily available, a simple engine speed controller canbe developed that will guarantee positive torque application to thetransmission. In the simplest form, according to the present invention,this amounts to controlling engine torque to keep the engine speedgreater than the torque converter turbine speed. Thus, during tip-outconditions, driveability problems associated with traversing the zerotorque lash point are avoided. Further, by using turbine speed togenerate the desired engine speed, thus guaranteeing a positive torque,effects from road grade, vehicle mass, temperature, and other factorsare inherently considered without complexity or addition computation.

An advantage of the above aspect of the invention is improveddriveability.

Another advantage of the above aspect of the invention is improvedcustomer satisfaction.

Other objects, features and advantages of the present invention will bereadily appreciated by the reader of this specification.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The object and advantages described herein will be more fully understoodby reading an example of an embodiment in which the invention is used toadvantage, referred to herein as the Description of the PreferredEmbodiment, with reference to the drawings wherein:

FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a vehicle illustrating various componentsrelated to the present invention;

FIG. 2 is a block diagram of an engine in which the invention is used toadvantage;

FIGS. 3-9 high level flowcharts of various routines for controlling theengine according to the present invention; and

FIG. 10 is a figure describing a relationship between engine speed andtorque converter speed ratio used to advantage in the present invention.

DESCRIPTION OF AN EMBODIMENT

Referring to FIG. 1, internal combustion engine 10, further describedherein with particular reference to FIG. 2, is shown coupled to torqueconverter 11 via crankshaft 13. Torque converter 11 is also coupled totransmission 15 via turbine shaft 17. Torque converter 11 has a bypassclutch (not shown) which can be engaged, disengaged, or partiallyengaged. When the clutch is either disengaged or partially engaged, thetorque converter is said to be in an unlocked state. Turbine shaft 17 isalso known as transmission input shaft. Transmission 15 comprises anelectronically controlled transmission ith a plurality of selectablediscrete gear ratios. Transmission 15 also comprise various other gears,such as, for example, a final drive ratio (not shown). Transmission 15is also coupled to tire 19 via axle 21. Tire 19 interfaces the vehicle(not shown) to the road 23.

Internal combustion engine 10 comprising a plurality of cylinders, onecylinder of which is shown in FIG. 2, is controlled by electronic enginecontroller 12. Engine 10 includes combustion chamber 30 and cylinderwalls 32 with piston 36 positioned therein and connected to crankshaft13. Combustion chamber 30 communicates with intake manifold 44 andexhaust manifold 48 via respective intake valve 52 and exhaust valve 54.Exhaust gas oxygen sensor 16 is coupled to exhaust manifold 48 of engine10 upstream of catalytic converter 20.

Intake manifold 44 communicates with throttle body 64 via throttle plate66. Throttle plate 66 is controlled by electric motor 67, which receivesa signal from ETC driver 69. ETC driver 69 receives control signal (DC)from controller 12. Intake manifold 44 is also shown having fuelinjector 68 coupled thereto for delivering fuel in proportion to thepulse width of signal (fpw) from controller 12. Fuel is delivered tofuel injector 68 by a conventional fuel system (not shown) including afuel tank, fuel pump, and fuel rail (not shown).

Engine 10 further includes conventional distributorless ignition system88 to provide ignition spark to combustion chamber 30 via spark plug 92in response to controller 12. In the embodiment described herein,controller 12 is a conventional microcomputer including: microprocessorunit 102, input/output ports 104, electronic memory chip 106, which isan electronically programmable memory in this particular example, randomaccess memory 108, and a conventional data bus.

Controller 12 receives various signals from sensors coupled to engine10, in addition to those signals previously discussed, including:measurements of inducted mass air flow (MAF) from mass air flow sensor110 coupled to throttle body 64; engine coolant temperature (ECT) fromtemperature sensor 112 coupled to cooling jacket 114; a measurement ofthrottle position (TP) from throttle position sensor 117 coupled tothrottle plate 66; a measurement of turbine speed (Wt) from turbinespeed sensor 119, where turbine speed measures the speed of shaft 17,and a profile ignition pickup signal (PIP) from Hall effect sensor 118coupled to crankshaft 13 indicating and engine speed (N).

Continuing with FIG. 2, accelerator pedal 130 is shown communicatingwith the driver's foot 132. Accelerator pedal position (PP) is measuredby pedal position sensor 134 and sent to controller 12.

In an alternative embodiment, where an electronically controlledthrottle is not used, an air bypass valve (not shown) can be installedto allow a controlled amount of air to bypass throttle plate 66. In thisalternative embodiment, the air bypass valve (not shown) receives acontrol signal (not shown) from controller 12.

Referring now to FIG. 3, a routine for detecting deceleration conditionsis described. First, in step 310, driver actuated pedal position (PP) iscompared with calibratable item (PP_CT), represents the pedal positionat which the pedal is closed. Alternatively, driver desired wheeltorque, which is known to those skilled in the art to be a function ofpedal position and vehicle speed, can be compared with a minimum desiredwheel torque clip below which deceleration is desired. When the answerto step 310 is YES, then in step 312, both engine speed (N) and turbinespeed (Wt) are read. In step 314, a determination is made as to whetherengine speed is greater than turbine speed. When the answer to step 314is YES, then deceleration conditions have been detected as shown in step316.

Referring now to FIG. 4, a routine for calculating a desired enginespeed during deceleration conditions is described. First, in step 406, adetermination is made as to whether deceleration conditions have beendetected. When the answer to step 406 is YES, a determination is made instep 408 as to whether the torque converter is in and unlocked state.When the answer to step 408 is YES, turbine speed is read from turbinespeed sensor 119 in step 410. Then, in step 412, a desired speed ratio,SRdes, where (SR=Wt/N) is calculated based on the turbine speed. In oneembodiment of the present invention, the relationship between desiredspeed ratio and measured turbine speed is determined so that a smallpositive constant torque is applied to transmission 16. An example of arelationship between speed ratio and turbine speed that gives a positiveconstant torque is described later herein with particular reference toFIG. 10. In another embodiment, the relationship between desired speedratio and measured turbine speed is modified by transmission gear ratioso that a varying positive torque is applied transmission 16 to givedifferent driveability feel at different vehicle speeds. In this type ofsystem separate relationships are used for each gear when determiningthe desired speed ratio as a function of measured turbine speed.

According to the present invention, in each embodiment, the desiredspeed ratio is always less than unity during deceleration when the zerotorque point is to be avoided and the torque converter is in an unlockedstate. During some conditions engine braking is required, such as, forexample, during speed control down a hill. In these cases, the routinesdescribed in FIGS. 2-9 are circumvented and other actions are taken.Continuing with FIG. 4, in step 414, the desired engine speed iscalculated from the desired speed ratio and the measured turbine speed.

Referring now to FIG. 5, a routine is described for controlling actualengine speed to the desired engine speed calculated in step 414described previously herein. First, in step 510 actual engine speed (N)is read from sensor 118. Then, in step 512, engine speed error (Werr) iscalculated from the desired engine speed (Ndes) and actual engine speed(N). In step 514, a determination is made as to whether engine speederror is greater than zero. When the answer to step 514 is YES, adesired throttle plate angle (qdes) is calculated as a function (f1) ofengine speed error. Function f1 is a controller known to those skilledin the art as a PID controller. If the answer to step 514 is NO, then instep 518 desired throttle plate angle (qdes) is calculated as a function(f2) of engine speed error. Function f2 is also a controller known tothose skilled in the art as a PID controller. In a preferred embodiment,the gains of function f2 are tuned to allow less overshoot or undershootthan function f1, since positive speed errors are more severe thannegative speed errors with respect to crossings of the zero torquepoint. Further, function f1 is tuned for producing a smooth transitionfrom driver demand based engine torque control and deceleration controlaccording to the present invention. In other words, function f1 is tunedto provide a smooth transition in engine speed and engine torque thatgives high customer satisfaction and drive comfort. On the other hand,function f2 is tuned for precise control of engine speed, preventingzero torque crossings. In an alternative embodiment, the controllerdefined by function f1 could be used when engine speed is lo greaterthan sum of the turbine speed and a calibratable value, with function f2used otherwise. This would give precise and fast control when enginespeed is near the desired engine speed or below the desired engine speedand smooth control when the engine speed is far away from and above thedesired engine speed.

Referring now to FIG. 6, a routine is described for controlling throttleposition to the desired throttle position calculated in either step 516or 518 described previously herein. First, in step 610 actual throttleposition (TP) is read from sensor 117. Then, in step 612, throttleposition error (TPerr) is calculated from the desired throttle position(qdes) and actual throttle position (TP). Output signal DC is calculatedas a function (f3) of throttle position error. Function f3 is acontroller known to those skilled in the art as a PID controller.

Referring now to FIG. 7, an alternate routine is described forcontrolling actual engine speed to the desired engine speed calculatedin step 414 described previously herein. First, in step 710 actualengine speed (N) is read from sensor 118. Then, in step 712, enginespeed error (Werr) is calculated from the desired engine speed (Ndes)and actual engine speed (N). In step 714, actual engine torque (Te) iscalculated using methods known to those skilled in the art, such as, forexample, using engine speed and turbine speed along with torqueconverter characteristics. Alternatively, actual engine torque can becalculated based on engine operating conditions such as engine speed,engine airflow, ignition timing, or any other variable known to thoseskilled in the art to affect engine torque.

Continuing with FIG. 7, in step 716 the required change in engine torque(DTe) to cause actual engine speed to become the desired engine speed iscalculated based on engine speed error, engine speed, and actual enginetorque. This calculation is completed using characteristic predeterminedgraphs. Next, in step 718 the required change in throttle position (Dq)is calculated based on the required change in engine torque. Then, instep 720 a determination is made as to whether engine speed error isgreater than zero. When the answer to step 720 is YES, a desiredthrottle plate angle (qdes) is calculated as the sum of function (f4) ofengine speed error, current throttle position TP, and required change inthrottle position. Function f4 is a controller known to those skilled inthe art as a PID controller. If the answer to step 720 is NO, then instep 724 desired throttle plate angle (qdes) is calculated as the sum offunction (f5) of engine speed error, current throttle position TP, andrequired change in throttle position. Function f5 is also a controllerknown to these skilled in the art as a PID controller. In a preferredembodiment, the gains of function f5 are tuned to allow less overshootor undershoot than function f4, since positive speed errors are moresevere than negative speed errors with respect to crossings of the zerotorque point.

Referring now to FIG. 8, another alternate routine is described forcontrolling actual engine speed to the desired engine speed calculatedin step 414 described previously herein. First, in step 810 actualengine speed (N) is read from sensor 118. Then, in step 812, enginespeed error (Werr) is calculated from the desired engine speed (Ndes)and actual engine speed (N). Then, in step 814, desired engine torque(Tedes) that would produce an actual engine speed equal to the desiredengine speed is calculated. The desire torque is calculated taking intoaccount all of the external engine loading, engine friction, and variousother losses known to those skilled in the art. In addition, the torqueconverter load is known from the desired positive torque to be appliedto the transmission input shaft and the current torque ratio across thetorque. The current torque ratio across the torque converter can bedetermined based on the actual speed ratio as is known to those skilledin the art. Then in step 816, the desired engine torque is adjustedbased on the engine speed error. Finally, in step 818, the desiredthrottle position is calculated that will proved the adjusted desiredengine torque based on engine operating conditions.

In alternative embodiments, any other parameters that affects enginebrake (output) torque and is under control of controller 12, such as,for example, ignition angle, cylinder deactivation, fuel injectionamount, idle air bypass amount, cam angle of a variable cam anglesystem, exhaust gas recirculation amount, or accessory loading fromaccessories such as, for example, the alternator or a/c compressor.

Referring now to FIG. 9, a alternative embodiment of the presentinvention is described. FIG. 9 is a routine is described for controllingactual speed ratio to the desired speed ratio calculated in step 412described previously herein. First, in step 910. actual engine speed (N)is read from sensor 118. Then in step 921, actual speed ratio (Sract) iscalculated by dividing actual turbine speed by actual engine speed.Then, in step 914, speed ratio error (SRerr) is calculated from thedesired speed ratio (SRdes) and actual speed ratio (Sract). In step 916,desired engine torque (Tedes) is calculated as the sum of the baserequired engine torque (Tebase) and function f7 of speed ratio error.Function f7 is also a controller known to those skilled in the art as aPID controller. Base required engine torque is the base calibrationtorque for maintaining the engine speed at the desired engine speed.

Continuing with FIG. 9, in step 918 desired throttle position iscalculated based on desired engine torque (Tedes) based on currentengine conditions such as engine speed and temperature using methodsknown to those skilled in the art. Then, in step 920, duty cycle sent tomotor 67 is calculated using function f8 of desired throttle positionminus actual throttle position. In a preferred embodiment, function f8is a controller known to those skilled in the art as a PID controller.

Alternatively, instead of controlling engine torque directly withthrottle position, intermediate values can also be used, such as, forexample, engine airflow, for example, from desired engine torque, adesire engine airflow can be calculated. Then, throttle position canthen be adjusted so that actual engine airflow as measured by signal MAFapproaches the desired engine airflow.

Referring now to FIG. 10, a figure showing an example relationshipbetween turbine speed and speed ratio that guarantees a positiveconstant torque applied to the shaft 18 of transmission 16.

This concludes the description of the Preferred Embodiment. The readingof it by those skilled in the art would bring to mind many alterationsand modifications without departing from the spirit and scope of theinvention. For example, if turbine speed is not measured, vehicle speedand gear ratio can be substituted without loss of function. Accordingly,it is intended that the scope of the invention be limited by thefollowing claims.

We claim:
 1. A vehicle control method for a vehicle having an internalcombustion engine coupled to a torque converter, the torque convertercoupled to a transmission, the method comprising the steps of: creatinga desired torque converter speed ratio as a function of torque converterturbine speed so that a positive torque is applied to the transmission;and adjusting an engine output amount so that an actual speed ratioapproaches said desired speed ratio.
 2. The method recited in claim 1wherein said desired torque converter speed ratio is less than unity. 3.The method recited in claim 1 wherein said engine output amount isthrottle position.
 4. The method recited in claim 1 said. adjusting stepfurther comprises adjusting said engine output amount so that saidactual speed ratio becomes said desired speed ratio when a decelerationcondition has been detected.
 5. The method recited in claim 1 whereinsaid engine output amount is engine torque.
 6. The method recited inclaim 5 further comprising the steps of: setting a desired engine outputtorque equal to a product of said positive torque and a torque ratioacross the torque converter; and adjusting an engine control variable sothat an actual engine torque approaches said desired engine torque. 7.The method recited in claim 6 wherein said step of adjusting said enginecontrol variable further comprises the steps of: adjusting said enginecontrol variable with a first controller when smooth control is desired;and adjusting said engine control variable with a second controller whenprecise speed ratio control is desired.
 8. A vehicle control system fora vehicle having an internal combustion engine coupled to a torqueconverter having a torque converter speed ratio determined by dividingtorque converter output turbine speed by engine speed, the torqueconverter coupled to a transmission, the system comprising an enginespeed sensor for indicating engine speed; a sensor indicating torqueconverter turbine speed; a pedal position sensor; and a controller forindicating a deceleration condition based on said pedal position sensor,creating a desired torque converter speed ratio as a function of saidtorque converter turbine speed so that a positive torque will be appliedto the transmission, adjusting engine torque with a first controllerwhen smooth torque control is desired so that actual torque converterspeed ratio approaches said desired torque converter speed ratio whensaid deceleration condition is indicated, and adjusting said enginetorque amount with a second controller when precise speed control isdesired so that said actual torque converter speed ratio becomes saiddesired torque converter speed ratio when said deceleration condition isindicated.
 9. A vehicle control method for a vehicle having an internalcombustion engine coupled to a torque converter having a torqueconverter speed ratio determined by dividing torque converter outputturbine speed by engine speed, the torque converter coupled to atransmission, the method comprising the steps of: creating a desiredengine speed as a function of and greater than torque converter turbinespeed so that a positive torque is applied to the transmission therebypreventing transmission gear separation; and adjusting an engine outputamount so that an actual engine speed approaches said desired enginespeed.
 10. The method recited in claim 9 wherein said engine outputamount is engine torque.
 11. The method recited in claim 9 wherein saidengine output amount is airflow inducted into the engine.
 12. The methodrecited in claim 9 wherein said engine output amount is a throttleposition.
 13. The method recited in claim 9 said adjusting step furthercomprises adjusting said engine output amount so that said actual enginespeed becomes said desired engine speed when a deceleration conditionhas been detected.
 14. The method recited in claim 9 wherein saidadjusting step further comprises adjusting said engine output amount sothat said actual engine speed becomes said desired engine speed.
 15. Themethod recited in claim 9 wherein said adjusting step further comprisesthe steps of: adjusting said engine output amount with a firstcontroller when said actual engine speed is greater than said desiredengine speed plus a calibration value; and adjusting said engine outputamount with a second controller when said actual engine speed is lessthan said desired engine speed plus a calibration value.
 16. The methodas recited in claim 15 wherein said first controller is tuned for smoothoperation and said second controller is tuned for precise speed control.17. The method recited in claim 9 wherein said adjusting step furthercomprises the steps of: adjusting said engine output amount with a firstcontroller when said actual engine speed is greater then said desiredengine speed; and adjusting said engine output amount with a secondcontroller when said actual engine speed is less than said desiredengine speed.
 18. The method as recited in claim 17 wherein said firstcontroller is tuned for smooth operation and said second controller istuned for precise speed control.
 19. The method recited in claim 9wherein said creating step further comprises the steps of: creating adesired torque converter speed ratio as a function of torque converterturbine speed and a desired positive torque applied to the transmission;and creating said desired engine speed based on said turbine speed andsaid desired torque converter speed ratio.
 20. The method recited inclaim 19 wherein said desired torque converter speed ratio is less thanunity.
 21. The method recited in claim 19 further comprising the stepsof: setting a desired engine output torque equal to a product of saiddesired positive torque and a torque ratio across the torque converter;and adjusting an engine control variable so that an actual engine torqueapproaches said desired engine torque.